Transition Counseling Services

AS THEY SEE IT

 Erik Erikson’s “Eight Stages of Man” in Erikson (1963)

 Erikson’s stages are highly psychosocial and hopeful. Each presents a challenge to the ego to learn new adaptive skills or suffer limitations on ego integrity.

  Psychosexual stage      Crisis/Conflict   Strength/Virtue

 Oral-sensory               Basic trust vs. Mistrust  Drive, hope

 Muscular-anal              Autonomy vs. Shame, doubt     Self-control, will

 Locomotor-genital       Initiative vs. Guilt          Direction, purpose

 Latency                       Industry vs. Inferiority   Method, competence

 Puberty and Adolescence        Identity vs. Role Confusion       Devotion, fidelity

 Young adulthood         Intimacy vs. Isolation    Affection, love

 Adulthood                   Generativity vs. Stagnation        Production, care

 Maturity                      Ego integrity vs. Despair           Renunciation, wisdom

 

Margaret Mahler’s (1975) Stages

  normal autism

  normal symbiosis

  separation-individuation  ( subphases   differentiation   practicing   rapproachement

  individuality    emotional object constancy )

  splitting

  reintegration vs. fragmentation

 

Jean  Piaget’s Stages ( see Gruber and Von Eiche, 1977)

  sensorimotor

  preoperational

 concrete operations

 formal operations

 assimilation   accommodation  conservation

 Freud’s stages

  oral

  anal

  phallic

  latency

  genital

Abraham  Maslow’s (1962) Hierarchy of Needs (from lowest/first to highest)

  physiological

  safety

  belongingness / social

  esteem

  cognitive

  aesthetic

  self-actualization

  peak experiences

 Harry Stack Sullivan’s Stages ( see  Perry, 1953)

  infancy

  childhood

  juvenile

  preadolescent

  early adolescent

  late adolescent

 Lawrence Kohlberg’s (1984) stages of moral reasoning

Level                            Morality is defined by

Premoral                 1          Obedience to avoid punishment

                                    2          Gains reward. Instrumental purpose and exchange

Conventional        3          Gains approval and avoids disapproval of others.

                                                Interpersonal accord and conformity

                                    4          Defined by rigid codes of “law and order.”

                                                Social accord and system maintainence.

Principled                     5          Defined by a “social contract” agreed upon for the

                                                public good. Utility and individual rights.

                                    6          Personal moral code based on universal, abstract,

                                                ethical principles.

Read Full Post »